How do major central banks differ in their perspectives and approaches to monetary policy?

តើ​ធនាគារ​កណ្តាល​ធំៗ​មាន​​ទស្សនៈ​និង​វិធីសាស្រ្តយ៉ាងដូចម្តេចចំពោះគោលនយោបាយរូបិយវត្ថុរបស់ពួកគេរៀងៗខ្លួន?

ដូចដែលយើងបានដឹងរួចមកហើយ តួនាទីចម្បងរបស់ធនាគារកណ្តាលគឺសម្រេចឲ្យបាននូវស្ថិរភាពតម្លៃ បង្កើនចំនួនការងារ និងលើកកម្ពស់កំណើនសេដ្ឋកិច្ចតាមរយៈការកែសម្រួលគោលនយោបាយរូបិយវត្ថុ។ ទោះជាយ៉ាងណាក៏ដោយ តើធនាគារកណ្តាលធំៗមានភាពខុសប្លែកគ្នាយ៉ាងណានៅក្នុងទស្សនៈ និងវិធីសាស្រ្តលើគោលនយោបាយរូបិយវត្ថុរបស់ពួកគេ?

ធនាគារកណ្តាលសំខាន់ៗនៅក្នុងសកលលោករួមមាន ធនាគារកណ្តាលនៅអាមេរិក (Federal Reserve ឬFED) ធនាគារកណ្តាលអឺរ៉ុប (European Central Bank ឬECB) ធនាគារកណ្តាលនៅចក្រភពអង់គ្លេស (BoE) ធនាគារកណ្តាលនៅកាណាដា (Bank of Canada ឬBoC) ធនាគារកណ្តាលនៅជប៉ុន (Bank of Japan ឬBoJ) និងធនាគារកណ្តាលនៅអូស្ត្រាលី (Reserve Bank of Australia ឬRBA) ។

ការប្រៀបធៀបគោលដៅរបស់ធនាគារកណ្តាលធំៗទៅលើស្ថានភាពសេដ្ឋកិច្ច 

ខណៈពេលដែលធនាគារកណ្តាលមានគោលដៅចម្បងរួមគ្នា ប៉ុន្តែពួកគេតែងតែផ្តល់អាទិភាពដល់គោលបំណងទាំងនេះខុសៗគ្នា ស្របតាមស្ថានភាពសេដ្ឋកិច្ចរៀងៗខ្លួន។ 

គោលបំណងរបស់ពួកគេផ្សេងៗគ្នា

ជាក់ស្តែងធនាគារកណ្តាលនៅអាមេរិក (Federal Reserve ឬFED) និងធនាគារកណ្តាលនៅកាណាដា (Bank of Canada ឬBoC) ភាគច្រើនផ្តោតសំខាន់ទៅលើការសម្រេចឲ្យបាននូវគោលដៅធំៗចំនួនពីរគឺ ថិរភាពតម្លៃ និងចំនួនការងារច្រើន។ ខណៈពេលដែលធនាគារកណ្តាលអឺរ៉ុប (ECB) និងធនាគារកណ្តាលអង់គ្លេស (BoE) ផ្តោតជាចម្បងលើស្ថិរភាពតម្លៃតែមួយ។ លើសពីនេះទៅទៀត ធនាគារកណ្តាលជប៉ុន​ដែល​ធ្លាប់ប្រឈមមុខនឹងបញ្ហាបរិត្តផរណាកាលពីសម័យមុន នាពេលនេះពួកគេនឹងតាមដានទៅលើកំណើនសេដ្ឋកិច្ចព្រមទាំងអត្រាអតិផរណាច្រើនជាងគេ។ 

ហើយនេះជាអ្វីដែលធ្វើឱ្យធនាគារកណ្តាលជប៉ុនស្ថិតក្នុងស្ថានភាពខុសគ្នាខ្លាំងបើធៀបនឹងដៃគូរបស់ខ្លួន ជាពិសេសនៅពេលនេះដែលធនាគារកណ្តាលសំខាន់ៗភាគច្រើនកំពុងចាប់ផ្តើមក្នុងវដ្តនៃការបន្ធូរបន្ថយរបស់ពួកគេ។ ប៉ុន្តែធនាគារកណ្តាលជប៉ុន (BOJ) វិញ គឺពួកគេចាប់ផ្តើមផ្តោតលើការរឹតបន្តឹងគោលនយោបាយរូបិយវត្ថុ។

ឧទាហរណ៍មួយទៀតគឺក្នុងអំឡុងទសវត្សរ៍ដែលបាត់បង់(Lost Decade) របស់ប្រទេសជប៉ុន ដែលធនាគារកណ្តាលជប៉ុន និងធនាគារកណ្តាលធំៗភាគច្រើនមានទិសដៅផ្ទុយគ្នា។ ក្នុងអំឡុងពេលនោះ ប្រទេសជប៉ុនបានប្រឈមមុខនឹងបរិត្តផរណាដ៏អាក្រក់ដែលបង្ខំឱ្យពួកគេមានគោលនយោបាយរូបិយវត្ថុដែលបន្ធូរបន្ថយខ្លាំង (a.k.a អត្រាការប្រាក់អវិជ្ជមានចំនួន -0.10%) ។ ហើយស្ថានភាពនោះគឺខុសពីអ្វីដែល FED, ECB, BoE និងផ្សេងទៀតបានប្រឈមមុខ – អតិផរណាខ្ពស់ដែលទាមទារលើការរឹតបន្តឹងលើគោលនយោបាយរូបិយវត្ថុ ដើម្បីគ្រប់គ្រងលើសម្ពាធអតិផរណា។ 

ជាងនេះទៅទៀត ធនាគារកណ្តាលអាចនឹងផ្តល់នូវទស្សនវិស័យរបស់ពួកគេទៅកាន់ប្រជាជនតាមវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សេងៗគ្នា ពោលសមាជិកធនាគារកណ្តាលមួយចំនួនអាចធ្វើការទាក់ទងតាមរយៈសន្និសីទសារព័ត៌មាន ខណៈដែលផ្សេងទៀតពឹងផ្អែកលើសេចក្តីថ្លែងការណ៍ជាលាយលក្ខណ៍អក្សរ និងសេចក្តីប្រកាសព័ត៌មានជាដើម។

|English Version|

As far as we all know, the primary roles of the central bank are to achieve price stability, maximize employment levels, and promote economic growth through adjusting the monetary policy. However, how do major central banks differ in their perspectives and approaches to monetary policy?

Major central banks that are widely focused on are the Federal Reserve (FED), the European Central Bank (ECB), the Bank of England (BoE), the Bank of Canada (BoC), the Bank of Japan (BoJ), and the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA).

A Comparative Economic Condition Analysis of Major Central Banks

While central banks share common goals, they often prioritize these objectives differently in accordance with their respective economic conditions. 

Respective Mandate Focus

The Federal Reserve (FED) and the Bank of Canada (BoC) are known for their dual mandate of price stability and maximum employment. While the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Bank of England (BoE) primarily focus on price stability. The Bank of Japan, which used to have a long history of deflationary pressures, are more emphasized on economic growth rather than inflation concerns. 

This is what put the Bank of Japan in a very different situation compared to its peers, especially now that most of the major central banks are starting their easing cycle. The Bank of Japan (BOJ) start to focus on tightening the monetary policy.

Another example is from 2022 till 2023 when the Bank of Japan and most major central banks are walking oppositely. During this time, Japan faced a really bad deflation, which forced it to have an ultra-loosening monetary policy (a.k.a., a negative interest rate of -0.10%). And that situation is completely opposite to what the FED, ECB, BoE, and others faced—high inflation that requires extensive use of “Quantitative Tightening” to control inflationary pressure. 

Other than this, respective central banks may employ diverse communication styles differently; some may communicate through press conferences and forward guidance, while others rely more on written statements and press releases. 

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