Understanding Fiscal Deficit

ឱនភាពសារពើពន្ធ

តើអ្នកមានធ្លាប់បានឮមនុស្សមួយចំនួននិយាយថា គោលនយោបាយថ្មីរបស់ប្រធានាធិបតីលោក Donald Trump អាចនឹងនាំឱ្យមានឱនភាពថវិកាខ្ពស់ ឬហៅថាឱនភាពសារពើពន្ធ?

ពាក្យទាំងពីរនេះន័យដូចគ្នា ពោលគឺកើតឡើងនៅពេលដែលរដ្ឋាភិបាលចំណាយលើសពីចំណូល ហើយដែលនាំឱ្យមានការខ្វះខាតថវិការបស់រដ្ឋាភិបាល។ វាមានភាពស្រដៀងគ្នាទៅនឹងការចំណាយរបស់យើងនៅអំឡុងពេលវិស្សមកាលរបស់យើងអញ្ចឹង។ 

ប៉ុន្តែ​តើ​រដ្ឋាភិបាល​ចំណាយទៅ​លើអ្វីខ្លះ? 

យើងទាំងអស់គ្នាបានដឹងរួចទៅហើយថា ប្រាក់ចំណូលរបស់រដ្ឋាភិបាលភាគច្រើនបានមកពីពន្ធ ហើយក៏បានរួមចំណែកតាមរយៈការលក់ទំនិញ ឬទិន្នផលសញ្ញាប័ណ្ណសាជីវកម្មនោះដែរ។ ហើយប្រាក់ចំណូលទាំងនេះនឹងត្រូវចំណាយទៅលើទំនិញ និងសេវាកម្មសាធារណៈ រួមទាំងសន្តិសុខសង្គម ការថែទាំសុខភាព ការអប់រំ ការការពារជាតិ ឬហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធជាដើម។ ទោះជាយ៉ាងណាក៏ដោយ ឱនភាពថវិកាភាគច្រើនចាប់ផ្តើមនៅពេលដែលរដ្ឋាភិបាលអនុវត្តគោលនយោបាយសារពើពន្ធពង្រីករបស់ពួកគេដោយកាត់បន្ថយពន្ធ (ឬប្រាក់ចំណូលរបស់រដ្ឋាភិបាល) និងការចំណាយរបស់រដ្ឋាភិបាលកាន់តែច្រើន។ កត្តាផ្សេងទៀតអាចជាការរួមចំណែកតាមរយៈសង្រ្គាម គ្រោះមហន្តរាយធម្មជាតិ នយោបាយ ឬសង្គ្រាមពាណិជ្ជកម្ម។ 

ហើយនៅពេលដែលវាកើតឡើង នេះនឹងនាំឱ្យមានឱកាសខ្ពស់ក្នុងការមានឱនភាពសារពើពន្ធ។ ដូច្នេះ តើ​វា​ស្រដៀង​នឹង​គោលនយោបាយ​ថ្មី​របស់​លោក Trump ដែរ​ឬ​ទេ​? ប៉ុន្តែត្រូវចាំថា នេះមិនតែងតែកើតឡើងនោះទេ។

ប៉ុន្តែ​ប្រសិន​បើ​វា​កើត​ឡើង តើ​នឹង​មាន​អ្វី​កើត​ឡើង​ចំពោះ​សេដ្ឋកិច្ច?

បញ្ហាដែលងាយនឹងកើតជាងគេបំផុតគឺ “បំណុលជាតិខ្ពស់” ដែលអាចប៉ះពាល់ដល់ហិរញ្ញវត្ថុរបស់រដ្ឋាភិបាល ក៏ដូចជាការកំណត់ឱកាសវិនិយោគផងដែរ។ ដូច្នេះ ប្រសិនបើរដ្ឋាភិបាលជ្រើសរើសផ្តល់ហិរញ្ញប្បទានដល់បំណុលតាមរយៈការបោះពុម្ពប្រាក់កាន់តែច្រើន នោះវានឹងនាំមកនូវអតិផរណាកាន់តែច្រើនចូលមក និងបំផ្លាញអំណាចទិញរូបិយប័ណ្ណ។ ដូច្នេះ នេះនឹងនាំឱ្យមានកំណើនសេដ្ឋកិច្ចយឺត និងធ្វើឱ្យរូបិយប័ណ្ណក្នុងស្រុកធ្លាក់ចុះ។

តើវាតែងតែជារឿងអាក្រក់មែន ឬទេ?

មិនមែនអ្វីៗទាំងអស់សុទ្ធតែជារឿងអាក្រក់នោះទេ។ សូមចាំថា ឱនភាពសារពើពន្ធកើតឡើងនៅពេលដែលរដ្ឋាភិបាលចំណាយលើសពីប្រាក់ចំណូលរបស់ពួកគេហើយពួកគេប្រើដើម្បីផ្តល់មូលនិធិសម្រាប់ហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធសាធារណៈដែលនឹងធ្វើឱ្យផលិតភាពកាន់តែល្អប្រសើរក្នុងរយៈពេលវែង។ ដូច្នេះ នេះ​ក៏​មាន​ន័យ​ថា រដ្ឋាភិបាល​មាន​គោលបំណង​ជំរុញ​សកម្មភាព​សេដ្ឋកិច្ច​តាមរយៈ​ការ​បង្កើត​ការងារ​បន្ថែម និង​ជំរុញ​តម្រូវការផងដែរ។ ប៉ុន្តែអ្វី​ដែល​អាក្រក់​ជាង​នេះ​គឺ​ពេល​វេលា​នៃ​ការ​ប៉ះ​ពាល់​ ពោលគឺ​មិនមានភាពច្បាស់លាស់ថា សេដ្ឋកិច្ចអាច​នឹង​មាន​ការ​រីក​ចម្រើន​ល្អ​ ឬ​អាក្រក់​នោះ​ទេ។

|English Version|

Fiscal Deficit

Ever heard of how people say Donald Trump’s new policies will lead to a higher budget deficit or what we know as a fiscal deficit?

Well, both terms are essentially the same thing where the government overspending than their government revenue and that leads to a shortfall in the government’s budget. Think of it as how we always overspend during our holiday seasons.

But where does the government spend?

We all know that primary government income comes from taxation, and the remaining is contributed through sales of goods or corporate bond yield. And this income will be spent on public goods and services, including social security, healthcare, education, national defense, or infrastructure. However, budget deficits mainly start when the government implements its expansionary fiscal policy by reducing the tax (or government income) and increasing government spending. Other factors could contribute through war, natural disasters, political factors, or trade wars, for instance.

And when that happens, this will ultimately lead to a higher chance of having fiscal deficits. So is it similar to what Trump’s new policies are now? But remember, this does not always happen.

But if it does, what will happen to the economy?

The most persistent problem is “debt accumulation” or “high national debt” which can strain the government finances as well as limit the investment opportunity. So if the government chooses to finance the debt by printing more money, then this will bring more inflation coming in and erode the purchasing power of currency. In response, this will lead to slower economic growth and depreciate the domestic currency.

Is it always a bad thing?

Not everything is a bad thing. Remember, fiscal deficits happen when the government overspends their income and they use it to fund public infrastructure projects that will improve productivity over the long term. So this also means that the government aims to stimulate economic activities by creating more jobs and boosting demand. But the worst part is the timing of the impact, whether the economy will grow better or worse.

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